{"id":782,"date":"2021-07-15T17:09:08","date_gmt":"2021-07-15T21:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/beta\/?post_type=focus_areas&#038;p=782"},"modified":"2025-12-11T12:31:57","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T17:31:57","slug":"landscapes-and-horticulture","status":"publish","type":"focus_areas","link":"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/fr\/category\/landscapes-and-horticulture\/","title":{"rendered":"Paysages et horticulture"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"648\" src=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-1024x648.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-825\" style=\"width:498px;height:315px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-1024x648.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-768x486.jpg 768w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-100x63.jpg 100w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-150x95.jpg 150w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-200x127.jpg 200w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-450x285.jpg 450w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-600x380.jpg 600w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage-900x570.jpg 900w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Homepage.jpg 1093w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Il existe trois puits de carbone (sources qui absorbent le dioxyde de carbone de l'atmosph\u00e8re) sur Terre : le sol, les oc\u00e9ans et les for\u00eats. Les impacts environnementaux du changement climatique - tels que les inondations, la r\u00e9duction de la disponibilit\u00e9 de l'eau, l'augmentation des temp\u00e9ratures et de la salinit\u00e9 de l'eau - auront un impact consid\u00e9rable sur notre productivit\u00e9 horticole et nos \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes locaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les paysages durables peuvent avoir un impact consid\u00e9rable sur le changement climatique et le r\u00e9duire - et si nous ne r\u00e9duisons pas le changement climatique, la production horticole sera fortement affect\u00e9e. \u00c0 mesure que la temp\u00e9rature de la Terre augmente, les pr\u00e9cipitations diminuent ou augmentent, les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques extr\u00eames sont plus fr\u00e9quents et nos plantes, cultures, arbres et arbustes luttent pour survivre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cliquez ci-dessous pour en savoir plus sur chaque objectif et d\u00e9couvrir d'autres ressources. Si vous avez des questions, veuillez envoyer un courriel \u00e0 la bo\u00eete \u00e0 outils sur le climat \u00e0 l'adresse suivante <a href=\"mailto:climatetoolkit@phipps.conservatory.org\">climatetoolkit@phipps.conservatory.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ressources :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.org\/en-us\/what-we-do\/our-priorities\/tackle-climate-change\/climate-change-stories\/climate-change-frequently-asked-questions\/\"><strong>Solutions to Climate Change<\/strong><\/a> (The Nature Conservancy)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drawdown.org\/explorer\"><strong>Drawdown Explorer<\/strong><\/a> (pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement sur le projet)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturebasedsolutions.org\/\"><strong>Solutions bas\u00e9es sur la nature<\/strong><\/a> (Global Program on Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Resilience)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/juniperpublishers.com\/ijesnr\/pdf\/IJESNR.MS.ID.555969.pdf\"><strong>Examen des effets de la variabilit\u00e9 du changement climatique sur la productivit\u00e9 horticole<\/strong><\/a> (Journal international des sciences de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les objectifs de la bo\u00eete \u00e0 outils sur le climat en mati\u00e8re de paysages et d'horticulture sont \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9s ci-dessous :<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-a8269637-7eb0-43a1-a679-8a5cd5c0338a advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#297797;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13H5v-2h14V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">R\u00e9duire les surfaces de pelouse de 10% et encourager le remplacement par des plantes indig\u00e8nes.<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"142\" src=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-300x142.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-820\" srcset=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-300x142.jpg 300w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-1024x483.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-768x362.jpg 768w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-100x47.jpg 100w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-150x71.jpg 150w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-200x94.jpg 200w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-450x212.jpg 450w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-600x283.jpg 600w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas-900x425.jpg 900w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/lawn-areas.jpg 1130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Les pelouses sont souvent entretenues avec des \u00e9quipements \u00e0 gaz et des engrais synth\u00e9tiques. Pour chaque tonne d'engrais produite, quatre ou cinq tonnes de carbone sont ajout\u00e9es dans l'atmosph\u00e8re. Lorsqu'il pleut, les engrais se retrouvent dans les eaux de ruissellement, polluant les cours d'eau locaux et l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, plus de 40 millions d'hectares sont consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 l'entretien des pelouses. Si ces terres \u00e9taient plant\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 soutenir les plantes indig\u00e8nes et l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me environnant, elles pourraient constituer un \u00e9norme puits de carbone. Au lieu de cela, elles produisent et lib\u00e8rent une quantit\u00e9 importante d'azote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En rempla\u00e7ant les pelouses par des plantes indig\u00e8nes, vous r\u00e9duirez la quantit\u00e9 d'eau n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 l'irrigation, vous \u00e9liminerez le besoin de pesticides et d'herbicides et vous gagnerez le temps n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 l'entretien et \u00e0 la tonte des pelouses, tout en soutenant l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me local et en pi\u00e9geant le dioxyde de carbone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ressources :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/psci.princeton.edu\/tips\/2020\/5\/11\/law-maintenance-and-climate-change\"><strong>Entretien des pelouses et changement climatique<\/strong><\/a> (Universit\u00e9 de Princeton)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/04\/10\/climate\/climate-newsletter-lawns.html\"><strong>Une chose que vous pouvez faire : R\u00e9duisez votre pelouse<\/strong><\/a> (New York Times)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/fr\/lawn-reduction-techniques-with-holden-forests-gardens\/\"><strong>Technique de r\u00e9duction de la pelouse avec Holden Forests &amp; Gardens<\/strong><\/a> (For\u00eats et jardins de Holden)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#297797;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13H5v-2h14V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">S'assurer que 25% de tout le mat\u00e9riel d'entretien des pelouses et des jardins est \u00e9lectrique.<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lawn-Garden-Quipment-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-821\" srcset=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lawn-Garden-Quipment-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lawn-Garden-Quipment-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lawn-Garden-Quipment-100x67.jpg 100w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lawn-Garden-Quipment-150x100.jpg 150w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lawn-Garden-Quipment-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lawn-Garden-Quipment-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lawn-Garden-Quipment-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lawn-Garden-Quipment.jpg 895w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>L'utilisation de mat\u00e9riel d'entretien des pelouses et des jardins est essentielle \u00e0 l'entretien de beaux paysages sur le campus, mais le mat\u00e9riel \u00e0 combustible fossile peut polluer l'environnement. La qualit\u00e9 et les performances des \u00e9quipements d'am\u00e9nagement paysager \u00e9lectriques et rechargeables peuvent d\u00e9sormais rivaliser avec celles des \u00e9quipements \u00e0 combustible fossile dans la plupart des situations et pr\u00e9sentent l'avantage de ne pas d\u00e9gager d'\u00e9missions toxiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chaque ann\u00e9e, 800 millions de gallons d'essence sont utilis\u00e9s pour faire fonctionner les tondeuses \u00e0 gazon et autres \u00e9quipements horticoles. Malheureusement, 17 millions de litres suppl\u00e9mentaires sont d\u00e9vers\u00e9s en essayant de faire d\u00e9marrer l'\u00e9quipement horticole. Un type de moteur courant, appel\u00e9 moteur \u00e0 deux temps, ne dispose pas d'un syst\u00e8me de lubrification ind\u00e9pendant, de sorte que le carburant et l'huile sont m\u00e9lang\u00e9s, ce qui rend difficile la combustion de ces deux \u00e9l\u00e9ments par la machine. Environ 30% du carburant n'est pas br\u00fbl\u00e9 dans cet \u00e9quipement et lib\u00e8re des polluants toxiques dans l'atmosph\u00e8re. De nombreuses \u00e9tudes ont montr\u00e9 que les \u00e9quipements \u00e0 deux temps (y compris un souffleur de feuilles grand public) peuvent rejeter plus d'hydrocarbures qu'une camionnette ou une berline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ressources :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/fr\/electric-horticulture-equipment-what-were-using\/\"><strong>\u00c9quipement \u00e9lectrique pour l'horticulture : Ce que nous utilisons<\/strong><\/a> (Bo\u00eete \u00e0 outils sur le climat) <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/psci.princeton.edu\/tips\/2020\/5\/11\/law-maintenance-and-climate-change\"><strong>Entretien des pelouses et changement climatique<\/strong><\/a> (Universit\u00e9 de Princeton)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national\/health-science\/how-bad-for-the-environment-are-gas-powered-leaf-blowers\/2013\/09\/16\/8eed7b9a-18bb-11e3-a628-7e6dde8f889d_story.html\"><strong>Les souffleuses \u00e0 feuilles \u00e0 essence sont-elles nuisibles \u00e0 l'environnement ?<\/strong><\/a> (The Washington Post)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#297797;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13H5v-2h14V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Veiller \u00e0 ce que 50% des pesticides et des engrais utilis\u00e9s ne proviennent pas de combustibles fossiles.<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<p>La plupart des pesticides et des engrais non biologiques sont issus de combustibles fossiles. Ces engrais polluent les cours d'eau, les terres agricoles et l'environnement local. De plus, leur production n\u00e9cessite de l'\u00e9nergie et constitue un danger pour la sant\u00e9 humaine et animale. L'utilisation de la lutte int\u00e9gr\u00e9e contre les parasites, de techniques agricoles biologiques, de pesticides et d'engrais non fossiles et de plantes rustiques\/indig\u00e8nes peut r\u00e9duire de mani\u00e8re significative la pollution chimique.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"332\" height=\"219\" src=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/pesticides.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-822\" srcset=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/pesticides.jpg 332w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/pesticides-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/pesticides-100x66.jpg 100w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/pesticides-150x99.jpg 150w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/pesticides-200x132.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 332px) 100vw, 332px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Les engrais sont fr\u00e9quemment utilis\u00e9s dans les <strong>monoculture<\/strong> les exploitations agricoles, qui cultivent une seule et m\u00eame culture sur la m\u00eame terre. Ces cultures \u00e9puisent le sol de ses nutriments, de sorte que des engrais sont n\u00e9cessaires pour compl\u00e9ter les nutriments de base. Comme le sol est appauvri en nutriments, il n'est pas en mesure d'absorber et de stocker autant de polluants atmosph\u00e9riques, tels que le dioxyde de carbone, qu'un sol sain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Engrais<\/strong> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9s dans les usines de la Seconde Guerre mondiale \u00e0 partir des restes d'azote utilis\u00e9s pour la fabrication d'explosifs. Les types courants d'engrais contiennent les macronutriments du sol : l'azote, le phosphore et le potassium. Les formes synth\u00e9tiques d'azote sont \u00e9galement compos\u00e9es d'azote et d'ammoniac \u00e0 base d'hydrog\u00e8ne, qui est plus susceptible de r\u00e9agir dans son environnement. Si les engrais sont appliqu\u00e9s en grandes quantit\u00e9s, le compos\u00e9 se transforme en oxyde nitreux, un dangereux gaz \u00e0 effet de serre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>La plupart des engrais sont sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans les \u00e9l\u00e9ments nutritifs dont la plante est riche. Par exemple, le ma\u00efs est riche en azote, et l'engrais qui lui est destin\u00e9 contient donc principalement de l'azote.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-857\" srcset=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-100x67.jpg 100w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-150x100.jpg 150w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1-900x600.jpg 900w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/tractor-agriculture-pesticides-1600x1066-1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Pesticides<\/strong> sont utilis\u00e9s pour tenir \u00e0 distance les mauvaises herbes, les insectes, les rongeurs et les champignons ind\u00e9sirables, mais la plupart de ces produits chimiques ont des effets n\u00e9fastes sur la sant\u00e9. <strong>des effets graves sur la sant\u00e9 humaine et l'environnement<\/strong>. Les pesticides ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9s pour supprimer diff\u00e9rents types d'insectes et de plantes, lorsqu'ils s'infiltrent dans les cours d'eau et dans l'air, ils tuent l'environnement qui les entoure. Des pesticides ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9s dans 90% de nos cours d'eau et 43 pesticides diff\u00e9rents ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9s dans le sang d'un \u00eatre humain moyen. Les travailleurs agricoles sont extr\u00eamement expos\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ressources :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/content.ces.ncsu.edu\/extension-gardener-handbook\/1-soils-and-plant-nutrients\"><strong>Sols et \u00e9l\u00e9ments nutritifs pour les plantes<\/strong><\/a> (Universit\u00e9 d'\u00c9tat de Caroline du Nord)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anthropocenemagazine.org\/2020\/10\/the-fertilizer-solution-has-become-a-major-climate-problem\/\"><strong>La solution des engrais est devenue un probl\u00e8me climatique majeur<\/strong><\/a> (Anthropoc\u00e8ne)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrdc.org\/stories\/industrial-agricultural-pollution-101#:~:text=Nitrogen%2Dbased%20fertilizers%20produce%20potent,reside%20directly%20on%20our%20food.\"><strong>Pollution agricole industrielle 101<\/strong><\/a> (Conseil de d\u00e9fense des ressources naturelles)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#297797;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13H5v-2h14V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Soutenir le reboisement pour s\u00e9questrer le carbone.<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-1024x660.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-823\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-1024x660.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-100x64.jpg 100w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-150x97.jpg 150w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-200x129.jpg 200w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-450x290.jpg 450w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-600x387.jpg 600w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees-900x580.jpg 900w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Trees.jpg 1425w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Les arbres constituent l'un des plus grands puits de carbone sur Terre, influen\u00e7ant les temp\u00e9ratures de l'air, r\u00e9duisant le ruissellement des eaux de pluie et les \u00e9missions de carbone au sein de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me local. Les arbres compensent activement l'\u00e9quivalent de plus de 14 % des \u00e9missions de dioxyde de carbone de l'ensemble de l'\u00e9conomie aujourd'hui. Pour devenir un puits de carbone efficace, les arbres doivent \u00eatre en bonne sant\u00e9 et plant\u00e9s dans leur zone de rusticit\u00e9 et de climat. La plantation d'arbres sains et r\u00e9sistants - sur votre campus et ailleurs - peut avoir un impact majeur sur la r\u00e9duction du changement climatique et la protection de l'environnement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe trois puits de carbone sur Terre : les sols, les oc\u00e9ans et les for\u00eats. Les arbres sont au c\u0153ur du puits de carbone forestier. Les arbres capturent le dioxyde de carbone en le transformant en biomasse au cours du processus de photosynth\u00e8se. Le carbone est ensuite lib\u00e9r\u00e9 par des processus naturels, tels que la respiration et l'oxydation, et par des activit\u00e9s humaines telles que la r\u00e9colte, les incendies et la d\u00e9forestation. Plus nous soutenons nos arbres, plus ils peuvent s\u00e9questrer de carbone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Ressources :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/forests\/carbon-sinks-and-sequestration#:~:text=Forests%20sequester%20carbon%20by%20capturing,litter%20and%20in%20forest%20soils.&amp;text=Forests%20and%20their%20role%20in,affected%20by%20changing%20climatic%20conditions.\"><strong>Puits de carbone et s\u00e9questration<\/strong><\/a> (Commission \u00e9conomique pour l'Europe des Nations unies)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/ccrc\/topics\/urban-forests\"><strong>For\u00eats urbaines et changement climatique<\/strong><\/a> (D\u00e9partement de l'agriculture des \u00c9tats-Unis, U.S. Forrest Service)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a style=\"background-color: initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/how-forests-store-carbon#:~:text=Forests%20sequester%20or%20store%20carbon,methane%2C%20and%20other%20gases).\"><strong>Comment les for\u00eats stockent le carbone<\/strong><\/a> (Universit\u00e9 de l'\u00c9tat de Pennsylvanie)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.itreetools.org\/\"><strong>I-Tree<\/strong><\/a> (Service des for\u00eats de l'USDA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avasflowers.net\/tree-classification-guide-and-glossary-of-plant-terms\"><strong>Tree Classification Guide and Glossary of Terms<\/strong><\/a> (Avas Flowers)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Planter des arbres :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hort.ifas.ufl.edu\/woody\/maximum-size.shtml\"><strong>La taille maximale de l'arbre au moment de la plantation d\u00e9pend de plusieurs crit\u00e8res<\/strong><\/a> (Universit\u00e9 de Flordia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hort.ifas.ufl.edu\/woody\/choose-production.shtml\"><strong>Choisir parmi les m\u00e9thodes de production\/r\u00e9colte des p\u00e9pini\u00e8res\u00a0<\/strong><\/a>(Universit\u00e9 de Flordia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hort.ifas.ufl.edu\/woody\/documents\/Plan.pdf\"><strong>Un plan de formation pour les arbres d'ombrage<\/strong><\/a> (Universit\u00e9 de Flordia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hort.ifas.ufl.edu\/woody\/establishment-period.shtml\"><strong>P\u00e9riode d'\u00e9tablissement des arbres<\/strong><\/a> (Universit\u00e9 de Flordia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hort.cornell.edu\/uhi\/outreach\/recurbtree\/pdfs\/~recurbtrees.pdf\"><strong>Guide des arbres urbains recommand\u00e9s par Cornell<\/strong><\/a> (Universit\u00e9 Cornell, D\u00e9partement d'horticulture)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#297797;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M19,13H5v-2h14V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Convertir les places de parking en espaces verts pour lutter contre l'augmentation de la temp\u00e9rature dans les villes.<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"343\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Greenspaces.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-824\" srcset=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Greenspaces.jpg 343w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Greenspaces-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Greenspaces-100x62.jpg 100w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Greenspaces-150x94.jpg 150w, https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Greenspaces-200x125.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Les grandes surfaces b\u00e9tonn\u00e9es telles que les b\u00e2timents, les routes et les parkings dans les villes ont une temp\u00e9rature plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e, un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne appel\u00e9 \"effet d'\u00eelot de chaleur urbain\". Le remplacement des parkings par des espaces verts peut faire baisser les temp\u00e9ratures, r\u00e9duire le besoin de refroidissement m\u00e9canique, am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de l'air, r\u00e9duire le stress et renforcer la sant\u00e9 mentale et physique des habitants des villes peupl\u00e9es. Les espaces verts devraient contenir des plantes indig\u00e8nes, des arbres r\u00e9sistants et de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation qui peuvent faire baisser les temp\u00e9ratures et contribuer \u00e0 lutter contre le changement climatique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ressources<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30614147\/\"><strong>Valoriser les espaces verts urbains pour att\u00e9nuer le changement climatique<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> (Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de m\u00e9decine)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www3.epa.gov\/region1\/eco\/uep\/openspace.html\"><strong>Qu'est-ce qu'un espace ouvert ou un espace vert ?<\/strong><\/a> (EPA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/chronicle\/article\/green-spaces-invaluable-resource-delivering-sustainable-urban-health\"><strong>Les espaces verts : Une ressource inestimable pour une sant\u00e9 urbaine durable<\/strong><\/a> (Chronique de l'ONU)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":909,"menu_order":6,"template":"","class_list":["post-782","focus_areas","type-focus_areas","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","garden_category-landscapes-and-horticulture"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Landscapes and Horticulture - The Climate Toolkit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/fr\/category\/landscapes-and-horticulture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Landscapes and Horticulture - The Climate Toolkit\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There are three carbon sinks (sources that absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere) on Earth: soil, oceans and forests. 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