{"id":1402,"date":"2021-12-15T11:02:10","date_gmt":"2021-12-15T16:02:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/?p=1402"},"modified":"2025-06-18T16:12:41","modified_gmt":"2025-06-18T20:12:41","slug":"reducing-your-pesticide-and-fertilizer-use-with-integrated-pest-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/climatetoolkit.org\/cs\/reducing-your-pesticide-and-fertilizer-use-with-integrated-pest-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f a hnojiv pomoc\u00ed integrovan\u00e9 ochrany rostlin"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u011bt\u0161ina neekologick\u00fdch pesticid\u016f a hnojiv poch\u00e1z\u00ed z fosiln\u00edch paliv. Tato hnojiva zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed vodn\u00ed toky, zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu a okoln\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Jejich v\u00fdroba nav\u00edc vy\u017eaduje energii a ohro\u017euje zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed a zv\u00ed\u0159at. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed integrovan\u00e9 ochrany proti \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm, technik ekologick\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, pesticid\u016f a hnojiv bez fosiln\u00edch zdroj\u016f a odoln\u00fdch\/p\u016fvodn\u00edch rostlin m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit chemick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oslovili jsme Charlie Bruce, Sara Do, <\/strong>a Chelsea Mahaffey<\/strong> z botanick\u00e9 zahrady Meadowlark, aby pohovo\u0159il o tom, jak se jim poda\u0159ilo sn\u00ed\u017eit pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f a hnojiv. Botanick\u00e1 zahrada Meadowlark je ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 zahrada o rozloze 95 akr\u016f spadaj\u00edc\u00ed pod NOVA Parks v hust\u011b obydlen\u00e9 Severn\u00ed Virginii. Meadowlark je nesm\u00edrn\u011b hrd\u00fd na to, \u017ee se star\u00e1 o p\u016fdu, a jeho c\u00edlem je st\u00e1t se komunitn\u00edm centrem, kde se host\u00e9 mohou sezn\u00e1mit s rostlinami poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi z jejich regionu. Sb\u00edrka Meadowlarku v \u00fadol\u00ed Potomac zd\u016fraz\u0148uje p\u016fvodn\u00ed rostliny vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z geografie a fl\u00f3ry povod\u00ed \u0159eky Potomac, kter\u00e9 se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na \u00fazem\u00ed n\u011bkolika st\u00e1t\u016f. Jejich sb\u00edrka p\u016fvodn\u00edch druh\u016f zobrazuje zp\u016fsoby, jak omezit pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f a hnojiv.<\/strong> a slou\u017e\u00ed jako v\u00fdchovn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad omezov\u00e1n\u00ed produkt\u016f z fosiln\u00edch paliv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u016f\u017eete n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edct, jak se vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1v\u00e1te s venkovn\u00edmi a vnit\u0159n\u00edmi \u0161k\u016fdci a invazivn\u00edmi rostlinami?<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me jen omezen\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pesticid\u016f, hnojiv a herbicid\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se zam\u011b\u0159ujeme na z\u00e1sady integrovan\u00e9 ochrany rostlin (IPM). IPM je \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd zahrnuje fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed, biologickou, kulturn\u00ed nebo (jako posledn\u00ed mo\u017enost) chemickou kontrolu za \u00fa\u010delem regulace \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f a invazn\u00edch druh\u016f a podpory r\u016fstu rostlin. Zam\u011b\u0159ujeme se na dlouhodobou prevenci \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby pou\u017eit\u00ed n\u00e1pravn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Omezen\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f jsme zaznamenali v\u00fdhody, mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed v\u00fddaje za chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a poplatky s nimi spojen\u00e9 (skladov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159eprava, likvidace), sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed na pozemku a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pot\u0159eby extr\u00e9mn\u00edch ochrann\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f. Tyto v\u00fdhody vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pracovi\u0161t\u011b pro zam\u011bstnance a pom\u00e1haj\u00ed minimalizovat n\u00e1\u0161 dopad na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Zahradnick\u00fd t\u00fdm Meadowlarku<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1\u0161 t\u00fdm nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdhradn\u011b konven\u010dn\u00ed pesticidy, n\u00fdbr\u017e na na\u0161ich zahrad\u00e1ch a v p\u011bstitelsk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch prov\u00e1d\u00ed IPM. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku n\u00e1\u0161 t\u00fdm uspo\u0159\u00e1dal diskusi o prahov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch hmyzu. T\u011bmi mohou b\u00fdt vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed ukazatele, jako je po\u0161kozen\u00ed na rostlin\u00e1ch zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 hmyzem, sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed infekce zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 hmyzem (nap\u0159\u00edklad pl\u00edse\u0148 saz\u00ed) nebo po\u010det \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f viditeln\u00fdch na rostlin\u011b. Diskutovali jsme tak\u00e9 o prosp\u011b\u0161nosti hmyzu v ekosyst\u00e9mu, proto\u017ee pokud va\u0161i rostlinu nic ne\u017eere, nen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Po diskusi jsme pomoc\u00ed lepov\u00fdch past\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch vod\u00edtek vyhodnotili, jac\u00ed hmyz\u00ed \u0161k\u016fdci se v na\u0161ich p\u011bst\u00edrn\u00e1ch vyskytuj\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me organick\u00e9 pesticidy s \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami draseln\u00e9 soli mastn\u00fdch kyselin<\/strong> nebo zahradnick\u00fd ocet-izopropylalkohol-Safer-Soap<\/strong>. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdskytu hmyz\u00edch \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f zastav\u00edme aplikace a uvoln\u00edme vhodn\u00e9 prost\u0159edky. biologi\u010dt\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i<\/strong> pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f. V tomto re\u017eimu pokra\u010dujeme po cel\u00fd rok ka\u017edodenn\u00edmi vizu\u00e1ln\u00edmi prohl\u00eddkami a kontrolami pomoc\u00ed lepov\u00fdch past\u00ed. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 rostlina na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b n\u00e1m umo\u017enila omezit post\u0159iky fungicidy a insekticidy. Venku jsou probl\u00e9mov\u00fdmi \u0161k\u016fdci p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm savci. Savce odrazujeme kombinac\u00ed post\u0159ik\u016f proti srn\u010d\u00ed zv\u011b\u0159i a aplikac\u00ed p\u00e1liv\u00fdch pep\u0159ov\u00fdch vlo\u010dek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jakou roli hr\u00e1l v\u00fdzkum p\u0159i p\u0159echodu spole\u010dnosti Meadowlark na IPM?<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Jezero Caroline<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Individu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzkum<\/strong> byla kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 p\u0159i omezov\u00e1n\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed pesticid\u016f z fosiln\u00edch paliv. Kdy\u017e jsme poprv\u00e9 za\u010dali omezovat pesticidy a hnojiva, pozorovali jsme na\u0161e rostliny a okoln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Kladli jsme si ot\u00e1zky, jako nap\u0159, pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed v\u0161echny tyto rostliny hnojivo? Pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed v\u0161echny stejn\u00e9 \u017eiviny? Kdybychom pou\u017eili \u017eiviny, kam by se p\u0159ebytek dostal?<\/em> V r\u00e1mci Povod\u00ed z\u00e1livu Chesapeake Bay<\/strong> a s t\u0159i velk\u00e1 jezera na pozemku<\/strong>, postupujeme velmi obez\u0159etn\u011b a d\u00e1v\u00e1me p\u0159ednost p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016fm, kter\u00e9 jsou pro rostliny prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 a kter\u00e9 omezuj\u00ed vliv na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a vodn\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichy. P\u0159i zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch produkt\u016f si v\u017edy nejprve p\u0159e\u010dteme etiketu, abychom zjistili, jak\u00e9 jsou jejich \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 slo\u017eky. Zva\u017eujeme v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody pou\u017eit\u00ed drsn\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v krajin\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e bereme v \u00favahu bezpe\u010dnost zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, host\u016f a m\u00edstn\u00edho ekosyst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak nahrazujete hnojiva ve va\u0161em are\u00e1lu?<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e9 jaro a podzim pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me na z\u00e1hony zahrad zdrav\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed listov\u00e9ho mul\u010de a kompostu, abychom omezili mno\u017estv\u00ed hnojiv. Mul\u010d pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd na zahrad\u00e1ch je sm\u011bs\u00ed kompostu z vlastn\u00edch zahrad a kompostu z okresu. Okresn\u00ed kompost se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z rostlinn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch sb\u011brem list\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edho zelen\u00e9ho odpadu v okrese. Mul\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed list\u00ed<\/strong> je p\u0159esn\u011b takov\u00fd, jak zn\u00ed: spadan\u00e9 list\u00ed se sb\u00edr\u00e1 z pozemku a nech\u00e1v\u00e1 se rok rozkl\u00e1dat. Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edmo na m\u00edst\u011b, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se sni\u017euj\u00ed emise fosiln\u00edch paliv vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159eprav\u011b. M\u00e1me tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik mal\u00fdch z\u00e1sobn\u00edky na vermikulturu<\/strong> pro kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9 zbytky a pap\u00edrov\u00fd odpad na\u0161ich zam\u011bstnanc\u016f. Tyto vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u017e\u00ed\u017eal\u00ed kompost\u00e9ry poskytuj\u00ed hnojivo bohat\u00e9 na \u017eiviny<\/strong> kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed semen a dal\u0161\u00edm men\u0161\u00edm prac\u00edm v na\u0161\u00ed p\u011bstitelsk\u00e9 oblasti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vermikulturn\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edky Meadowlark<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A\u010dkoli jsme v na\u0161ich p\u011bstebn\u00edch oblastech nena\u0161li n\u00e1hradu za granulovan\u00e9 hnojivo s pomal\u00fdm uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm, na zahrad\u00e1ch se jako hnojivo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 kompost. Kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z rostlinn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f ze zahrad, v\u010detn\u011b plevel\u016f, letni\u010dek a dal\u0161\u00edch bylinn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, pom\u00e1h\u00e1 d\u00e1le sni\u017eovat emise. Materi\u00e1ly z na\u0161ich zahrad m\u016f\u017eeme vyu\u017e\u00edt k v\u00fdrob\u011b p\u016fdn\u00edho kondicion\u00e9ru, m\u00edsto abychom je likvidovali mimo lokalitu. T\u00edm tak\u00e9 celkov\u011b sni\u017eujeme pot\u0159ebu aplikace pesticid\u016f. Za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed technik IPM, spr\u00e1vn\u00fdch zahradnick\u00fdch technik a vhodn\u00e9ho rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed rostlin bylo kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na\u0161eho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f a hnojiv poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch fosiln\u00edmi palivy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 spole\u010dnost Meadowlark v are\u00e1lu \u0161koly Roundup, a pokud ne, jak se s plevelem vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1v\u00e1te? <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Roundup v na\u0161em are\u00e1lu nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina na\u0161ich cest je asfaltov\u00e1 (o tom se vede cel\u00e1 diskuse), nem\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho plevel\u016f, kter\u00e9 rostou v prasklin\u00e1ch. N\u011bkolikr\u00e1t do roka ru\u010dn\u011b vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1me plevel v chodn\u00edc\u00edch\/prasklin\u00e1ch v asfaltu, ale celkov\u011b k tomu neshled\u00e1v\u00e1me pot\u0159ebu. Mluvili jsme o \"organick\u00fdch\" n\u00e1hra\u017ek\u00e1ch, jako je ocet, ale zat\u00edm jsme se touto cestou nevydali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kde mohou instituce za\u010d\u00edt sni\u017eovat mno\u017estv\u00ed pesticid\u016f a hnojiv vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdch z fosiln\u00edch paliv?<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Instituce, kter\u00e9 posuzuj\u00ed, kde mohou sn\u00ed\u017eit pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f a hnojiv z fosiln\u00edch zdroj\u016f, se mohou pod\u00edvat na sv\u00e9. sou\u010dasn\u00fd re\u017eim hnojen\u00ed a ochrany proti \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm.<\/strong>. Zpochybn\u011bte sv\u00e9 postupy: Kde mohu nahradit aplikaci insekticid\u016f metodami biologick\u00e9 ochrany? Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1m fungicidy, proto\u017ee je tato rostlina vysazena v ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch? M\u016f\u017eeme na poli pou\u017e\u00edt kompost jako n\u00e1hradu za chemick\u00e9 hnojivo?M\u016f\u017eeme n\u011bkter\u00e9 rostlinn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly recyklovat na m\u00edst\u011b?<\/em> Za\u010dn\u011bte v mal\u00e9m a prozkoumejte produkty, kter\u00e9 v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te. Najd\u011bte si n\u00e1hradu, pokud to jde, a hledejte drobn\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve sv\u00e9 rutin\u011b. Zm\u011bna se neuskute\u010dn\u00ed ze dne na den a drobn\u00e9 zm\u011bny nyn\u00ed mohou pomoci sn\u00ed\u017eit n\u00e1\u0161 dopad na ekosyst\u00e9m v budoucnu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u011bt\u0161ina neekologick\u00fdch pesticid\u016f a hnojiv poch\u00e1z\u00ed z fosiln\u00edch paliv. Tato hnojiva zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed vodn\u00ed toky, zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu a okoln\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Jejich v\u00fdroba nav\u00edc vy\u017eaduje energii a ohro\u017euje zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed a zv\u00ed\u0159at. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed integrovan\u00e9 ochrany proti \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm, ekologick\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed ...<\/p>\n

Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f a hnojiv pomoc\u00ed integrovan\u00e9 ochrany rostlin<\/span> P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si v\u00edce \"<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1403,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[186,187,188,189,190],"class_list":["post-1402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-landscapes-and-horticulture","tag-meadowlark-botanical-gardens","tag-ipm-methods","tag-invasive-plants","tag-compost","tag-roundup"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nReducing your Pesticide and Fertilizer Use with Integrated Pest Management - The Climate Toolkit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reducing your Pesticide and Fertilizer Use with Integrated Pest Management - The Climate Toolkit\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Most non-organic pesticides and fertilizers are fossil fuel-based. These fertilizers pollute waterways, farmlands, and the surrounding local environment. Plus, they require energy to be produced and are a danger to human and animal health. 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